AMR is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic and status data from water or energy metering devices and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, or analysis purposes.

B Corp is a certification companies can pursue which requires them to meet social, environmental and accountability performance standards with regards to positively impacting all stakeholders (workers, suppliers, communities, and the environment). It focuses on transparency and accountability of a company’s operation, from their Articles of Association to supply chain.

BREEAM is an environmental impact assessment method for non-domestic buildings. Performance is measured across a series of ratings – Pass, Good, Very Good, Excellent and Outstanding.

CO₂e is a standard unit for measuring carbon footprints. It expresses the impact of each different greenhouse gas in terms of the amount of CO₂ that would create the same amount of warming impact of each gas. As a result, the total impact of all these gases can be expressed as a single number/unit.

CCS is a not-for-profit, independently-managed organisation that sets out requirements and standards to drive better conduct across construction activities in three key areas: respecting the community, caring for the environment and valuing the workforce.

The CDP is an organisation which works with shareholders and listed companies to facilitate the disclosure and reporting of climate change data and information.

UK-based professional body representing credit professionals, providing resources, training and qualifications for the credit management community.

CIBSE Technical Memorandum 54 (TM54) provides building designers and owners with clear guidance on how to evaluate operational energy use fully, and accurately, at the design stage. It sets out how the operational energy required for the building can be estimated - covering both regulated and unregulated loads.

CLOCS is a national standard that requires collaborative action to prevent fatal or serious collisions between vehicles servicing construction projects and vulnerable road users: pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists.

Embodied carbon is the amount of carbon emitted in the extraction, processing, manufacture, transportation and installation of materials.

An EPC is an asset rating detailing how energy efficient a building is, rated by carbon dioxide emission on a scale of ‘A’-‘G’, where an ‘A’ rating is the most energy efficient. They are legally required for any building that is to be put on the market for sale or rent.

EPRA is an association of Europe’s leading property companies, investors and consultants which strives to establish best practices in accounting, reporting and corporate governance.

The FTSE4Good is an index that has been developed to measure objectively the performance of companies that meet globally-recognised corporate responsibility standards, such that organisations can make effective decisions when assessing or creating responsible investment products.

Fugitive emissions are emissions of gases or vapours (refrigerants) from pressurised equipment such as air conditioning units due to leaks and other unintended releases/losses.

The Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark is an initiative set up to assess the environmental and social performance of public and private real estate investments and allow investors to understand their performance.

The Global Reporting Initiative is an internationally-recognised sustainability reporting framework which provides metrics and methods for measuring and reporting sustainability-related impacts and performance.

This internationally-recognised standard sets out methodologies for businesses to collate, calculate and report all the GHG emissions they produce.

HQM is an assessment standard for new homes. Performance is measured across a series of star ratings 1-5.

ISS-ESG is an ESG rating service that provides corporate and country ESG research and ratings that enables its clients to identify material social and environmental risks and opportunities.

LEED is a US-based environmental impact assessment method for buildings. Performance is measured across a series of ratings – Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum.

The green loan principles aim to create a high-level framework of market standards and guidelines, providing a consistent methodology for use across the green loan market. It comprises a series of voluntary recommended guidelines that seek to promote integrity by clarifying the instances in which a loan may be categorised as “green”.

MEES sets a minimum energy efficiency level for buildings. By 2023, all commercial leases must be rated with EPC ‘E’.

NABERS is a building performance rating system which provides an energy performance benchmark using a simple star rating system on a 1-6 scale. This helps property owners understand and communicate a building’s performance versus other similar buildings to occupiers. Ratings are validated on an annual basis. It has been adopted in the UK as NABERS UK and is administered by the Building Research Establishment (BRE); NABERS UK currently relates to offices only.

NES is a Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DE&I) standard which provides a rigorous assessment and action plan to ensure compliance against nine legally-protected characteristics and broader recommendations including social mobility and culture.

Radiative forcing is the change in the energy balance in the lower atmosphere by a climate change mechanism. In this case, the change mechanism we reference in this report is aircraft emissions. Aircraft emissions contribute to this energy change in a number of ways e.g. they release substances that trigger the generation of aerosol particles or lead to changes in natural clouds such as contrails.

The REGO scheme administered by Ofgem provides transparency to consumers about the proportion of electricity that supplier’s source/provide from renewable generation.

The RGGO scheme provides transparency to consumers about the proportion of gas that supplier’s source/provide from renewable generation such as biomethane (the majority) or bio-propane.

The RIDDOR regulations require employers and those in control of premises by law to report specified workplace incidents, such as work-related fatalities, major injuries, seven-day injuries (those causing more than seven days inability to carry out normal duties), work-related diseases, and dangerous occurrences (near miss accidents).

The Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi) is a collaboration between CDP, the United Nations Global Compact, World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). The SBTi defines and promotes best practice in science-based target setting and independently assesses and approves companies’ targets. Science-based targets provide companies with a clearly defined pathway to future-proof growth by specifying how much and how quickly they need to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

Scope 1 carbon (AKA direct emissions): includes a company’s emissions from items such as gas use in boilers, corporate fuel consumption in company cars and emissions from refrigerants used in air conditioning equipment.

Scope 2 carbon (AKA indirect emissions): includes emissions from landlord electricity consumption but excludes occupier electricity usage.

Scope 3 carbon (AKA other indirect emissions): includes items such as emissions from occupier electricity consumption, embodied carbon, business air travel, water and waste.

Set up by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) in response to the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors' request for greater levels of decision-useful, climate-related information; the TCFD was asked to develop climate-related disclosures that could promote more informed investment, credit (or lending), and insurance underwriting decisions. In turn, this would enable stakeholders to understand better the concentrations of carbon-related assets in the financial sector and the financial system’s exposures to climate-related risks.